Apartheid in South Africa

Description

In the article "South Africa's Forgotten War" author Gary Baines talks about the South African apartheid. A direct quote These statistics do not imply that former conscripts were able to deal with their own sense of guilt and trauma. Indeed, in autobiographical books by ex-SADF soldiers, it is clear that they want to apologise for their role in the war. Mark Behr's novel Die Reuk van Appels (1993) — translated as The Smell of Apples (1995) — tells of a young white Afrikaans-speaking boy being groomed to follow in his father's footsteps as a soldier in apartheid South Africa. It frames the Border War within 'a brutal patriarchy that victimises mothers and sons'. The timing of the author's revelation — to coincide with the publication of his book — that he served as a spy for the security forces while a student at the University of Stellenbosch underlined the cathartic purpose of Behr's writing. But such 'confessional fiction' is invariably ambivalent and frequently accommodates rather than confronts the culpability of the author."

Evolution

This cite is from database. Source vividly elaborate the data and of course credible.

MLA

Baines, Gary. " South Africa's Forgotten War." History Today; Apr2009, Vol. 59 Issue 4, p22-24, 3p, 2 Color Photographs

APA

Baines, Gary (2009) ." South Africa's Forgotten War." History Today; Vol. 59 Issue 4, p22-24, 3p, 2 Color Photographs

South African Hall of Fame and Special South Africans

Discussion

This site is organized with South African true heroes in different profession, different fields, and different ways. Divided into two sections, one is Hall of Fame, persons those who have expanded S. African horizons, the stuff of legends. And the other one is named Special South Africans, those who have inspire them, who have defined South Africans. People who have shown their common humanity. If you click on the People then you will come to know about his or her deeds for South Africa and of course gallery of that person.

I click Chris Barnard , it opens up a new page about him. Wow this is cool. The same way I click Enoch Mankayi Sontonga, it takes me to his bio-profile.

Evaluation

This cite is full of data, information, research.

Regulating the African Slave Trade in U.S.

Description

The database article "Regulating the African Slave Trade," focus on legislation to end U.S. participation in the African slave trade. The U.S. Congress passed laws preventing the use of U.S. ports and the employment of Americans in the slave trade. "Former U.S. president Thomas Jefferson's views on the trade and the legal status of slaves imported illegally are discussed."

Evolution

This cite is from database. Source vividly elaborate the data and of course credible.

Citation

MLA

Finkelman, Paul. "Regulating the African Slave Trade." Civil War History; Dec2008, Vol. 54 Issue 4, p379-405, 27p.

APA

Finkelman, Paul.(2008) "Regulating the African Slave Trade." Civil War History;Vol. 54 Issue 4, p379-405, 27p

South African National Anthem

Discussion
Since 1997, the South African national anthem has been a hybrid song combining new English lyrics with extracts of the hymn "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" ( God bless Afriaca) and the former Anthem " Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" ( The call for South Africa)
     " Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" ( The call for South Africa) is a poem written by CJ Langenhoven in May 1918. The music was composed by the Reverend ML de Villiers in 1921.
      "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" ( God bless Africa) was composed in 1897 by by Enoch Sontonga, a Methodist mission school teacher.


Got this Chart from this cite

Language	Lyrics	English translation
Xhosa	Nkosi sikelel' iAfrika Maluphakanyisw' uphondo lwayo,	God bless Africa Raise high its glory
Zulu	Yizwa imithandazo yethu, Nkosi sikelela, thina lusapho lwayo.	Hear our prayers God bless us, her children
Sotho	Morena boloka setjhaba sa heso, O fedise dintwa le matshwenyeho, O se boloke, O se boloke setjhaba sa heso, Setjhaba sa, South Afrika — South Afrika.	God, we ask You to protect our nation Intervene and end all conflicts Protect us, protect our nation, our nation, South Africa — South Africa.
Afrikaans	Uit die blou van onse hemel, Uit die diepte van ons see, Oor ons ewige gebergtes, Waar die kranse antwoord gee,	From the blue of our heaven, From the depth of our sea, Over our everlasting mountains, Where the echoing cliffs resound,
English	Sounds the call to come together, And united we shall stand, Let us live and strive for freedom In South Africa our land.	–

 Evaluation 

To find out correct information of South African National Anthem I used South African Government site. The chart I listed from Wikipedia.  

Development of South African Music 1600 - 2004

Discussion
 A timeline shows the development of South African Music since 1600s to 2004. At the this cite there are many South African discussion tropics( left to right) Home( historical Pictures), Politics Society( discuss politics), People Biography( biography of peoples in science, politics & labor, community, arts & humanities, women etc.), Arts Culture( visual arts,media&journalism, Literature,performing arts, sports etc.), History time-lines(time lines of history, Africa( Many African Countries), Media Library(Online books, Letters,articles,Audio&Video,Galleries etc.) Publications Exhibitions.

Evaluation
This South African official sites, where tons of information are cited.    

South African Legendary Singers

Description   

     James Brown(Click to listen him in concert on NPR) the singer, song writer, bandleader, and dancer who sold millions of records in his career which lasted half a century. He regularly topped the rhythm-and-blues charts, although he never had a No. 1 pop hit in the 1960s and the 1970s. James Brown at Zaire singing to an African audience, “Say It Loud — I’m Black and I’m Proud.” This music innovator died of congestive heart failure in Atlanta at the age of 73

     B.B. King interview with NY Times. This interview organized in several sections like Influences, Childhood, First Guitar, Radio Job, The Fillmore, Sinatra, where you can click and listen.  
This is his interview with National Public Radio (Click to listen his interview with NPR)       
Miriam Makeba (Acknowledge of her musical works on NPR) was a activist, and the South African music quin, music princess, widely known as " Mama Africa". She was a prominent opponent of apartheid. Mandela conveys, “She was South Africa’s first lady of song and so richly deserved the title of Mama Afrika. She was a mother to our struggle and to the young nation of ours.” Her music inspired a powerful sense of hope in all of us. Ms. Makeba’s musical career spanned five decades. This music legend left us at the age of 76 cause of cardiac arrest. 

Geographical, Political, Cultural, Governmental South Africa

Discussion

South African geographical, political, cultural, governmental history. Talks about significant incident occurred in South African History, the ups and down to successful or glorious moments.

Evaluation

This site is informational(historical).

South African Father of the Nation

Description   
This article talks about biography of the South African true hero Nelson Mandela. This cite organized with many Mandela's life time pictures(slide show) , profile and videos express his noble deeds, as well as his biography. 
Evolution
This cite is biographical, credible, and full of gadgets like pictures, videos, profiles, comments. 
   

Studying Africa through the Humanities

Description  
 A brief background and history of African Music. At the very top of this article there are four criteria of module such as Map of Curriculum, Classroom Activities, Country Overviews, Current Events. In the beginning of the article talks about the basic background history of  Africa. It consists of several sections or tropics. In the Music and Dance section author talks about musical creation like how and from where the word sing comes from, the movements of dance, ancient instruments. In this section describes how African musical culture grow or growing ups. Oral traditions, Religious Beliefs, Influences from other cultures are others sections of this article. 
Evaluation  
This cite is consist of documents. It is a teacher's edition of  Unit Three: Studying Africa through the Humanities, Module Thirteen: African Music.

     

You Tube music video of Legendary Singers Singing

Description   

Miriam Makeba's  youtube video of song Pata Pata. This YouTube link is about a mini biography (10mins of duration) of Mama Africa.   

South African legendary music band Hugh Masekela 12 stage performance.  

South African music legend Ladysmith Black Mambazo 1's stage performance.

Evaluation 
I used You Tube music video links as my citation. 

South African Genuine Voice

Description

To listen to legends Ladysmith black mambazo

James Brown,( the singer, song writer, bandleader, and dancer who sold millions of records in his career which lasted half a century. He regularly topped the rhythm-and-blues charts, although he never had a No. 1 pop hit in the 1960s and the 1970s. James Brown at Zaire singing to an African audience, “Say It Loud — I’m Black and I’m Proud.” This music innovator died of congestive heart failure in Atlanta at the age of 73

Miriam Makeba was a activist, and the South African music quin, music princess, widely known as " Mama Africa". She was a prominent opponent of apartheid. Mandela conveys, “She was South Africa’s first lady of song and so richly deserved the title of Mama Afrika. She was a mother to our struggle and to the young nation of ours.” Her music inspired a powerful sense of hope in all of us. Ms. Makeba’s musical career spanned five decades. This music legend left us at the age of 76 cause of cardiac arrest.

The Documentary Film " Soul Power"

Discussion 
In the New York Times article " Music and Musicians Still Echo 35 Years Later" author A. O. Scott talks about   the documentary film " Soul Power" directed by Jeffrey Levy-Hinte. It was a film editor in 1995 for “When We Were Kings,” the Oscar-winning documentary directed by  Leon Gast about 1974 heavyweight world championship between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman in Kinshasa, the capital of Zaire (now Congo). In three days musical festival called  the Zaire ’74  James Brown, Celia Cruz and the Fania All-Stars, B. B. King, Miriam Makeba , the Spinners and Bill Withers performed. In this journal you can also would able to see trailer and clip of " Soul Power" and of course the picture.   


     James Brown, the singer, song writer, bandleader, and dancer who sold millions of records in his career which lasted half a century. He regularly topped the rhythm-and-blues charts, although he never had a No. 1 pop hit in the 1960s and the 1970s. James Brown at Zaire singing to an African audience, “Say It Loud — I’m Black and I’m Proud.” This music innovator died of congestive heart failure in Atlanta at the age of 73
     Miriam Makeba was a activist, and the South African music quin, music princess, widely known as " Mama Africa". She was a prominent opponent of apartheid. Mandela conveys, “She was South Africa’s first lady of song and so richly deserved the title of Mama Afrika. She was a mother to our struggle and to the young nation of ours.” Her music inspired a powerful sense of hope in all of us. Ms. Makeba’s musical career spanned five decades. This music legend left us at the age of 76 cause of cardiac arrest. 


Evaluation  
I used New York Times and couple of National Public Radio's interviews as my cite. Cites are really credible and effective. Readers won't be disappoint to read the discussion.
       

National Geographic focus o South African Music

Discussion

National Geographical website World Music focus on South African Music in terms of World Music. The Magazines, Maps, radio, music A-Z, TV Chanel, Gallery etc.

Evaluation

It is credible and fantasy sort of site.

A Rainbow Nation and How IT's Music saves S. African Identity.

Description
The article "South African Music, rainbow fusion of South Africa music cultures" organized the history of all genre of south african music from beginning till now. It's also full of colorful photography of musical moments.
   This article "Musical Inculturation, Theological Transformation, and the Construction of Black Nationalism in Early South African Choral Music Tradition", a direct quote from the article "In their encounter with Europeans under colonialism and apartheid, black South Africans struggled to preserve their African identity. From the middle of the nineteenth century, an emergent urban black intellectual elite used choral music to articulate the experiences and aspirations of their people. This paper discusses their use of choral music as expressive culture and a form of cultural nationalism that sought to maintain a balance between the integrity of their African identity and their Christian experience by reformulating and reinterpreting elements of biblical Christianity to correspond to their African worldview", describe how Choral Music saved the African identity.

       Mugovhani, Ndwamato George article " The role of indigenous African choral music in the search for identity: With special reference to Mzilikazi Khumalo's music" recognizes the roll of South African choral music composers to produce music that is identifiable African. Article discusses south African music composer and Choral music director  J. S. Mzilikazi Khumalo . A number of other choral musicians such  as choir conductors, choristers and choral music adjudicators were interviewed. 

Evaluation
These cites organize essential documents and pictures appeal clearly and effectively. Provided texts help readers to understand about south African music.

Source Citation
 MLA
Okigbo, Austin C." Musical Inculturation, Theological Transformation, and the Construction of Black Nationalism in Early SouthAfrican Choral Music Tradition". Africa Today; Winter2010, Vol. 57 Issue 2, p42-65, 24p, 1 Black and White Photograph, 2 Diagrams, 1 Chart


Mugovhani, Ndwamato George, "The role of indigenous African choral music in the search for identity: With special reference to Mzilikazi Khumalo's music", Muziki: Journal of Music Research in Africa; 2010, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p60-75, 16p 

APA
O.A.C(2010) Africa Today; Vol. 57 Issue 2, p42-65, 24p, 1 Black and White Photograph, 2 Diagrams,1 Chart


M.N.G( 2010) Muziki: Journal of Music Research in Africa; 2010, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p60-75, 16p